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what does it mean to be far left

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Politics beyond the standard political left

Far-left politics are politics further to the left on the left–correct political spectrum than the standard political left. There are different definitions of the far-left. Some scholars define it as representing the left of social democracy, while others limit it to the left of communist parties. In certain instances, especially in the news media, far-left has been associated with some forms of absolutism, anarchism, and communism, or it characterizes groups that advocate for revolutionary socialism, Marxism and related communist ideologies, anti-commercialism, and/or anti-globalization.

Extremist far-left politics can involve politically-motivated tearing acts, such as radicalization, terrorism, and the formation of far-left militant organizations.[1] [two] Far-left terrorism consists of militant and/or insurgent groups that attempt to realize their ideals and bring about modify through political violence rather than traditional political processes.[1] [2] In addition, governments ruled by political parties who either cocky-describe or are identified past scholars equally far-left take acquired political repression, indoctrination, xenophobia, and mass killings.[3] [four] [5]

Definition [edit]

The definition of the far-left varies in the literature and there is not a general agreement on what information technology entails or consensus on the core characteristics that plant the far-left, other than beingness to the left of the political left. In French republic, extrême-gauche ("extreme left") is a more often than not accepted term for political groups that position themselves to the left of the Socialist Party, although some such as the political scientist Serge Cosseron limit the scope to the left of the French Communist Party.[6]

Scholars such as Luke March and Cas Mudde suggest that socio-economic rights are at the far-left's core. Moreover, March and Mudde argue that the far-left is to the left of the political left with regard to how parties or groups depict economic inequality on the base of existing social and political arrangements.[7] Luke March, Senior Lecturer in Soviet and postal service-Soviet Politics at Politics and International Relations of the University of Edinburgh, defines the far-left as those who position themselves to the left of social democracy, which is seen as either insufficiently left-wing,[8] or as defending the social autonomous tradition that is perceived to take been lost.[ix]

The two main sub-types of far-left politics are called "the radical left" and "the extreme left"; the kickoff desires fundamental changes in neoliberal capitalism and progressive reform of commonwealth such as straight democracy and the inclusion of marginalised communities,[10] while the latter denounces liberal democracy as a "compromise with bourgeois political forces" and defines capitalism more strictly.[7] Far-left politics is seen as radical politics because information technology calls for fundamental change to the capitalist socio-economic structure of society.[11]

March and Mudde say that far-left parties are an increasingly stabilized political actor and are challenging mainstream social democratic parties, defining other core characteristics of far-left politics equally being internationalism and a focus on networking and solidarity too as opposition to globalization and neoliberalism.[xi] In his subsequently conceptualization, March started to refer to far-left politics as "radical left politics", which is constituted of radical left parties that pass up the socio-economical structures of contemporary order that are based on the principles and values of commercialism.[12]

Radical left parties [edit]

In Europe, the support for far-left politics comes from 3 overlapping groups, namely far-left subcultures, disaffected social democrats, and protest voters—those who are opposed to their country'south Eu membership.[13] To distinguish the far-left from the moderate left, Luke March and Cas Mudde identify three useful criteria:[xiv] [15]

  • Firstly, the far-left rejects the underlying socio-economic construction of contemporary capitalism.[16]
  • Secondly, they advocate alternative economic and ability structures that involve the redistribution of income and wealth from political elites.[16]
  • Thirdly, they are internationalists, seeing a causality betwixt imperialism and globalization, and regional socio-economical bug.[17]

Other scholars allocate the far-left under the category of populist socialist parties.[18] Vít Hloušek and Lubomír Kopeček of the Masaryk University at the International Establish of Political Science propose secondary characteristics, including anti-Americanism, anti-globalization, opposition to NATO, and in some cases a rejection of European integration.[17]

March states that "compared with the international communist move thirty years ago, the far left has undergone a procedure of profound de-radicalization. The extreme left is marginal in most places." March identifies iv major subgroups within contemporary European far-left politics, namely communists, democratic socialists, populist socialists, and social populists.[19] In a later on conception of far-left politics, March writes: "I prefer the term 'radical left' to alternatives such as 'difficult left' and 'far left', which tin appear pejorative and imply that the left is necessarily marginal." According to March, the most successful far-left parties are pragmatic and non-ideological.[20]

According to political scientist Paolo Chiocchetti, radical left parties have failed to concretise an alternative to neoliberalism and lead a paradigm shift towards a different path of evolution model, despite electoral gains in the 2010s;[21] when they were in government, such parties were forced to put aside their strong anti-neoliberalism and take neoliberal policies, either proposed by their larger allies or imposed due to the international context.[22] This view is also shared by Mudde[23] and political scientist Yiannos Katsourides in regards to SYRIZA.[24]

Far-left militants [edit]

Many far-left militant organizations were formed by members of existing political parties in the 1960s and 1970s,[25] [26] [27] amid them Montoneros, Prima Linea, the Red Army Faction, the Red Brigades, and the New People'south Army.[26] [28] [29] [thirty] These groups mostly aimed to overthrow capitalism and the wealthy ruling classes.[31] [32] [33]

Run into too [edit]

  • Autonomism
  • Hard left
  • List of anti-capitalist and communist parties with national parliamentary representation
  • Moonbat
  • Ultra-leftism

References [edit]

  1. ^ a b Rossi, Federica (April 2021). Treiber, Kyle (ed.). "The failed amnesty of the 'years of atomic number 82' in Italia: Continuity and transformations between (de)politicization and punitiveness". European Journal of Criminology. Los Angeles and London: SAGE Publications on behalf of the European Gild of Criminology. doi:x.1177/14773708211008441. ISSN 1741-2609. S2CID 234835036. The 1970s in Italia were characterized past the persistence and prolongation of political and social unrest that many Western countries experienced during the belatedly 1960s. The decade saw the multiplication of far-left extra-parliamentary organizations, the presence of a militant far right motility, and an upsurge in the use of politically motivated violence and state repressive measures. The increasing militarization and the use of political violence, from demolition and harm to property, to kidnappings and targeted assassinations, were justified by left-fly groups both equally necessary ways to achieve a revolutionary project and as defences against the threat of a neo-fascist coup.
  2. ^ a b el-Ojeili, Chamsy; Taylor, Dylan (September 2018). Cheng, Enfu; Schweickart, David; Andreani, Tony (eds.). "The Revaluation of All Values: Extremism, The Ultra-Left, and Revolutionary Anthropology". International Critical Idea. Taylor & Francis on behalf of the of the Chinese University of Social Sciences. viii (3): 410–425. doi:ten.1080/21598282.2018.1506262. eISSN 2159-8312. ISSN 2159-8282.
  3. ^ McClosky & Chong 1985, p. 331.
  4. ^ Kopyciok & Silver 2021.
  5. ^ Chen & Lee 2007, p. 471.
  6. ^ Cosseron 2007, p. 20.
  7. ^ a b March & Mudde 2005.
  8. ^ Liebman & Miliband 1985.
  9. ^ March 2008, p. i: "The far left is condign the principal challenge to mainstream social democratic parties, in big role because its main parties are no longer extreme, merely present themselves equally defending the values and policies that social democrats have allegedly abandoned."
  10. ^ Dunphy 2004.
  11. ^ a b March 2012b.
  12. ^ Holzer & Mareš 2016, p. 57.
  13. ^ Smaldone 2013, p. 304.
  14. ^ March & Mudde 2005, p. 25.
  15. ^ Hloušek & Kopeček 2010, pp. 45–46.
  16. ^ a b Hloušek & Kopeček 2010, p. 45.
  17. ^ a b Hloušek & Kopeček 2010, p. 46.
  18. ^ Katsambekis & Kioupkiolis 2019, p. 82.
  19. ^ March 2008, p. 3.
  20. ^ March 2012a, p. 1724.
  21. ^ Chiocchetti 2016, pp. one–6.
  22. ^ Chiocchetti 2016, "Filling the vacuum? The trajectory of the contemporary radical left in Western Europe".
  23. ^ Mudde 2016.
  24. ^ Katsourides 2020.
  25. ^ Pedahzur, Perliger & Weinberg 2009, p. 53.
  26. ^ a b Clark 2018, pp. 30–42, 48–59.
  27. ^ Balz 2015, pp. 297–314.
  28. ^ Raufer 1993.
  29. ^ The Irish Times, 22 April 1998: "German detectives yesterday confirmed as accurate a declaration by the Red Army Faction (RAF) terrorist grouping that its struggle to overthrow the German land is over."
  30. ^ Chaliand 2010, pp. 227–257.
  31. ^ CISAC 2008: "The PL [Prima Linea] sought to overthrow the capitalist state in Italia and replace information technology with a dictatorship of the proletariat."
  32. ^ Ballaran, Jhoanna (5 December 2017). "Duterte declares CPP, NPA every bit terrorist organizations". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on half-dozen Dec 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
  33. ^ "Declaration No. 374, s. 2017" (PDF). Official Gazette of the Democracy of the Philippines. 5 December 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 17 September 2020.

Bibliography [edit]

Literature
  • Chiocchetti, Paolo (2016). The Radical Left Political party Family in Western Europe, 1989–2015 (E-book ed.). London, England: Routledge. ISBN978-1-317-22186-9 . Retrieved 19 Nov 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Dunphy, Richard (2004). Battling Capitalism?: Left Parties and European Integration (paperback ed.). Manchester, England: Manchester Academy Press. ISBN978-0-719-06804-i . Retrieved xix November 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Katsambekis, Giorgos; Kioupkiolis, Alexandros (2019). The Populist Radical Left in Europe (Eastward-volume ed.). London, England: Routledge. ISBN978-1-351-72048-9 . Retrieved 19 November 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Kopyciok, Svenja; Silver, Hilary (June 2021). "Left-Wing Xenophobia in Europe". Frontiers in Sociology. half dozen: 2. doi:10.3389/fsoc.2021.666717. PMC8222516. PMID 34179182.
  • March, Luke; Mudde, Cas (i April 2005). "What's Left of the Radical Left? The European Radical Left After 1989: Pass up and Mutation". Comparative European Politics. London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. three (1): 23–49. doi:10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110052. ISSN 1740-388X. S2CID 55197396. Retrieved 21 November 2021 – via ResearchGate.
  • March, Luke (2008). Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream? (PDF). Berlin, Germany: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. ISBN978-3-868-72000-6 . Retrieved iii June 2017 – via Library of the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung.
  • March, Luke (2012a). Radical Left Parties in Europe (E-book ed.). London, England: Routledge. ISBN978-one-136-57897-seven . Retrieved 19 Nov 2021 – via Google Books.
  • March, Luke (September 2012b). "Problems and Perspectives of Contemporary European Radical Left Parties: Chasing a Lost World or Yet a World to Win?". International Critical Thought. London, England: Routledge. two (3): 314–339. doi:10.1080/21598282.2012.706777. S2CID 154948426.
  • McClosky, Herbert; Chong, Dennis (1985). "Similarities and Differences betwixt Left-Wing and Right-Wing Radicals". British Journal of Political Science. xv (3): 331. doi:10.1017/S0007123400004221. JSTOR 193697. Retrieved 9 Jan 2022.
Further reading
  • Hloušek, Vít; Kopeček, Lubomír (2010). Origin, Ideology and Transformation of Political Parties: East-Central and Western Europe Compared (1st hardback ed.). London, England: Roitledge. ISBN978-0-754-67840-three . Retrieved 19 November 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Holzer, Jan; Mareš, Miroslav (2016). Challenges to Democracies in East Central Europe (1st hardback ed.). London, England: Routledge. ISBN978-ane-138-65596-vi . Retrieved 19 November 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Liebman, Marcel; Miliband, Ralph (1985). "Beyond Social Democracy". The Socialist Register. London, England: Merlin Press. 22: 476–489. Retrieved 19 November 2021 – via Marxists Net Archive.
  • Norwood, Stephen H. (2013). Antisemitism and the American Far Left (paperback ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Printing. doi:10.1017/CBO9781139565806. ISBN978-1-107-65700-seven. S2CID 153120694. Retrieved 19 Nov 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Cosseron, Serge (2007). Dictionnaire de l'extrême gauche (paperback ed.). Paris, France: Larousse. ISBN978-2-035-82620-6 . Retrieved 19 November 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Smaldone, William (viii Baronial 2013). European Socialism: A Concise History with Documents. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN978-1-4422-0909-1.
Radical left parties case studies
  • Chen, Cheng; Lee, Ji-Yong (Dec 2007). "Making sense of Democratic people's republic of korea: "National Stalinism" in comparative-historical perspective". Communist and Post-Communist Studies. forty (four): 459–475. doi:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2007.10.003. JSTOR 48609679. Retrieved ix January 2022.
  • Kioupkiolis, Alexandros (March 2016). "Podemos: The Ambiguous Promises of Left-wing Populism in Contemporary Spain". Journal of Political Ideologies. London, England: Routledge. 21 (2): 99–120. doi:10.1080/13569317.2016.1150136. S2CID 147247286. Retrieved 21 November 2021 – via ResearchGate.
  • Katsourides, Yannos (2016). Radical Left Parties in Government: The Cases of SYRIZA and AKEL (hadrback ed.). London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1057/978-1-137-58841-8. ISBN978-1-137-58840-1 . Retrieved 21 November 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Katsourides, Yiannos (2020). "Radical Left". In Featherstone, Kevin; Sotiropolous, Dimitri A. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Modern Greek Politics (hardcover ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. pp. 299–315. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198825104.013.19. ISBN978-0-198-82510-4 . Retrieved 21 November 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Mudde, Cas (2016). SYRIZA: The Failure of the Populist Promise (E-book ed.). London, England: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN978-3-319-47479-3 . Retrieved 21 November 2021 – via Google Books.
Terrorism
  • Balz, Hanno (2015). "Section 3: Terrorism in the Twentieth Century – Militant Organizations in Western Europe in the 1970s and 1980s". In Constabulary, Randall D. (ed.). The Routledge History of Terrorism. Routledge Histories (1st ed.). London, England: Routledge. pp. 297–314. ISBN978-0-367-86705-8. LCCN 2014039877. Retrieved iii December 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Chaliand, Gérard (2010). The History of Terrorism: From Antiquity to Al Qaeda (1st ed.). Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN978-0-520-24709-iii . Retrieved 19 November 2021 – via Internet Archive.
  • "Ruby-red Brigades". CISAC. Stanford University. May 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  • Clark, Simon (2018). "Mail service-State of war Italian Politics: Stasis and Chaos". Terror Vanquished: The Italian Approach to Defeating Terrorism (E-volume ed.). Arlington, Virginia: Heart for Security Policy Studies. ISBN978-1-732-94780-ane. LCCN 2018955266. Retrieved 28 Nov 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Martin, Augustus; Prager, Fynnwin (2019). "Office 2: The Terrorists – Terror from Below: Terrorism by Dissidents". Terrorism: An International Perspective. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. pp. 189–193. ISBN978-1-526-45995-four. LCCN 2018948259. Retrieved 27 December 2021 – via Google Books.
  • "Red Brigades announce end of their struggle to overthrow German state". The Irish Times. 22 April 1998. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  • Pedahzur, Ami; Perliger, Arie; Weinberg, Leonard (2009). Political Parties and Terrorist Groups (hardback 2nd ed.). London, England: Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-77536-6 . Retrieved 27 Dec 2021 – via Google Books.
  • Raufer, Xavier (Oct–December 1993). "The Crimson Brigades: A Farewell to Arms". Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. London, England: Routledge. 16 (4): 315–325. doi:ten.1080/10576109308435937.

External links [edit]

  • Media related to Far-left politics at Wikimedia Commons

johnsonfinstiout.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-left_politics

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